2009 NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST 16(4):607–620
Fish Assemblage Connectivity in the Monongahela
River Basin
David G. Argent1,* and William G. Kimmel1
Abstract - Tributary and mainstem corridors represent important fish-connectivity
avenues in large riverscapes. We evaluated the connectivity of 40 Monongahela
River tributaries in southwestern Pennsylvania and their respective mainstem junctions
using a variety of gears. Twelve tributaries were so fragmented by physical
and water-quality impediments, comparisons could not be made. Among the 28
remaining tributaries, classified as adventitious (1st–3rd order) or ordered (4th–5th
order), we evaluated fish communities using the Jaccard coefficient of similarity, a
cluster analysis, and a Venn diagram. Adventitious tributaries shared 82% of their
total faunal complement with ordered tributaries and 29% with the mainstem, while
70% of the ordered ichthyofauna was common to the mainstem. The ichthyofauna
of the adventitious tributary network was more distinct and isolated from the mainstem
than that of ordered tributaries. In fragmented riverscapes such as this, islands
(tributaries) of biodiversity may warrant special protection.
Introduction
Contemporary fish species diversity patterns result from a combination
of natural and anthropogenic processes occurring at temporal and spatial
scales, which in turn influence local distribution patterns (Hocutt and Wiley
1986, Imhof et al. 1996, Ricklefs 1987, Tonn 1990). With respect to fishes,
spatial scale can best be described using a hierarchical analysis of watersheds
and biotic systems, which tend to be nested and integrated through
their connectivity (Frissell et al. 1986, Imhoff et al. 1996). The “River Contimuum
Concept” (RCC) provides a framework for understanding the spatial
relationships among tributaries that structure fish communities (Vannote et
al. 1980). The spatial and temporal distribution of fish communities reflects
changes in temperature regimes and habitat types throughout the continuum.
Linking the entire system is the connectivity expressed among the mainstem
and its network of tributaries, some of which include adventitious streams
that do not follow a predictable ordered pattern (Schaefer and Kerfoot 2004,
Strahler 1952).
Adventitious streams have been defined by various authors (Gorman
1986, Minshall et al. 1985, Schaefer and Kerfoot 2004, Vannote et al. 1980)
as usually 1st–3rd order waterways that join a mainstem at least three orders
greater in magnitude. Ordered streams follow the hierarchical network as
described by Strahler (1952). It has been hypothesized that this large change
in stream order can result in abrupt community differences at the interface
1California University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biological and Environmental
Sciences, 250 University Avenue, California, PA 15419. *Corresponding author -
argent@cup.edu.
608 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, No. 4
point and an overall break in the ordered pattern of the “river continuum”
(Schaefer and Kerfoot 2004, Vannote et al. 1980).
Connectivity provides linkages facilitating movement of fishes for
purposes of feeding, reproduction, and colonization as well as separation
of life-history stages. Historically, the ichthyofaunal distribution patterns
of large river basins were a reflection of geologic events. Fragmentation or
elimination of pathways within these networks compromised the ecological
integrity of the entire ecosystem by isolating faunal associations. More recently,
anthropogenic factors have played an increasing role as determinants
of fish distribution, through alteration of connectivity corridors by dam construction,
channelization, diversion, and pollution. Connectivity corridors
may differ among riverine systems, particularly in large rivers that receive
adventitious tributaries and/or those following an ordered pattern.
The Monongahela River basin in southwestern Pennsylvania is an example
of a system which includes both adventitious and ordered tributaries.
While lotic connectivity within the mainstem has been compromised by the
installation of a lock-and-dam network, the majority of mainstem fishes are
cosmopolitan among the pools (Argent et al. 2007). Recent surveys of the
Monongahela River basin tributaries have documented considerable waterquality
degradation due to active and abandoned coal mines, agriculture, and
industrial and municipal discharges, and various types of blockages (Argent
and Kimmel 2006, Argent et al. 2007, Kimmel and Argent 2006a). As a result,
fish communities show varying degrees of fragmentation and resulting
loss of connectivity. Our objective was to evaluate patterns of fish-community
connectivity among the Monongahela River mainstem and its adventitious
and ordered tributaries. We hypothesize (1) that the ichthyofaunas of the
adventitious tributaries will differ from those of the ordered tributaries and
those of the mainstem and (2) that the tributary benthic assemblages will be
isolated from those of the mainstem.
Methods
Description of the study area
The Monongahela River arises from the confluence of the West Fork
River and Tygart River at Fairmont, WV and flows 206 km north to Pittsburgh,
PA, where it joins the Allegheny River to form the Ohio River
(Fig. 1). The 130-km 7th-order reach in Pennsylvania is divided into a series
of impoundments by six navigational lock-and-dam structures maintained by
the US Army Corps of Engineers. Along its course, the Monongahela River
traverses varying land uses including active and abandoned coal mines, the
industrialized Mid-Mon Valley, agricultural areas, forested patches, and
small towns.
Sampling design
We employed a variety of sampling strategies to assess fish community
composition and targeted faunal associations in the tributaries and
2009 D.G. Argent and W.G. Kimmel 609
mainstem. For logistical reasons, principally scope of sampling effort
along with varying weather and flow regimes (i.e., wadeable stream vs.
non-wadeable river), fieldwork was conducted during summer and early
fall over a four-year period. During the summers of 2003 and 2004, we
sampled 40 of the 51 named flowing 1st- to 5th-order warm-water tributaries
of the Monongahela River in Pennsylvania (Kimmel and Argent
Figure 1. Monongahela River basin of Pennsylvania. The legend indicates stream
location by map id number, stream name, and stream classification.
No. Name Classification No. Name Classification
1 Streets Run Adventitious 15 Dunlap Creek Ordinate
2 Turtle Creek Ordinate 16 Kelley Run Adventitious
3 Sandy Creek Adventitious 17 Meadow Run Adventitious
4 Peters Creek Ordinate 18 Barneys Run Adventitious
5 Fallen Timber Run Adventitious 19 Fishpot Run Adventitious
6 Lobbs Run Adventitious 20 Tenmile Creek Ordinate
7 Bunola Run Adventitious 21 Rush Run Adventitious
8 Mingo Creek Adventitious 22 Neel Run Adventitious
9 Pigeon Creek Ordinate 23 Muddy Creek Ordinate
10 Sunfish Run Adventitious 24 Wallace Run Adventitious
11 Pike Run Ordinate 25 Middle Run Adventitious
12 Little Redstone Creek Ordinate 26 Whiteley Creek Ordinate
13 Maple Creek Adventitious 27 Georges Creek Ordinate
14 Redstone Creek Ordinate 28 Dunkard Creek Ordinate
610 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, No. 4
2005). The Youghiogheny and Cheat Rivers, 6th-order tributaries, were
excluded due to their size. We utilized two-pass backpack electrofishing
over wadeable 200-m sampling reaches employing single and multiple
units, a methodology shown to be effective in estimating species richness
in streams of varying dimensions (Kimmel and Argent 2006b). If no fish
were collected over the first 100 m during the first pass, sampling was
terminated (Kimmel and Argent 2006b). Of the 40 streams, eight could
not be surveyed over the prescribed 200-m reach because they contained
barriers to fish passage, and four were contaminated (acid mine drainage
and/or sewage) to a degree that precluded the maintenance of viable fish
populations. The mouths of five ordered tributaries—Georges, Dunkard,
Tenmile, Redstone and Turtle creeks—were surveyed over the prescribed
200-m reach by both boat and backpack electrofishing at each point of
connectivity with the mainstem. Large specimens (>250 mm TL) and
gamefish were identified in the field and released. All others were fixed
in 10% formalin and identified in the laboratory.
Using multi-mesh gillnets (38 m long, 2.4 m deep, containing variable
panels in 7.62-m lengths: 12.7-cm bar, 10.16-cm bar, 7.62-cm bar, 5.08-
cm bar, and 2.54-cm bar mesh) during the summer of 2005, we sampled
the ichthyofauna at the points of mainstream junction of the 28 tributaries
previously surveyed by electrofishing. This methodology has proven
effective in assessing large-bodied (>250 mm TL) riverine fish diversity
(Argent and Kimmel 2005). We fished a single net downstream of the confluence
of each small tributary surveyed by backpack electrofishing and
placed nets both upstream and downstream of the ordered tributary mouths
surveyed by both backpack and boat electrofishing. Nets were fished for
approximately 24 hours at each site, and captured fish were identified in
the field and released.
In summer 2006, we surveyed the benthic fishes of the Monongahela River
mainstem at the mouth of each of the 28 electrofished tributaries using a trawl
described by Herzog et al. (2005). At each site, a two-minute trawl was conducted
in the mainstem across each tributary mouth. All captured fish were
preserved and returned to the lab for identification and enumeration.
Data analysis
Each sampled tributary was classified as either adventitious (1st–3rd order)
or ordered (4th–5th order) with respect to its mainstem connectivity. We determined
fish species richness and relative abundance for each tributary and
mainstem confluence point by pooling data collected (e.g., backpack and/or
boat electrofishing for each tributary and gillnetting and benthic trawling on
the mainstem) at each sampling site. To evaluate the ichthyofaunal similarity
among tributaries within the Monongahela River basin, we used the average
linkage euclidean distance clustering procedure (Digby and Kempton 1994,
Krebs 1989, Minitab 1996). The resulting dendogram grouped streams with
similar fish species composition. We used these groupings to further evaluate
the fish community similarity between adventitious and ordered tributaries.
2009 D.G. Argent and W.G. Kimmel 611
We compared fish communities at each tributary/mainstem junction
with the Jaccard coefficient of community similarity (JCS; Jaccard 1901,
Krebs 1989):
JCS = a / (a + b + c),
where a = number of species found in both the tributary and the river (tributary
mouth), b = number of species found only in the river (tributary mouth),
and c = number of species found only in the tributary. Jaccard coefficient
values were then averaged among adventitious and ordered categories for
comparison. We constructed Venn diagrams (Venn 1880) to evaluate species
composition relationships among adventitious and ordered tributaries and
mainstem locations.
We targeted two benthic fish communities, the buffalo/redhorse/carpsucker
complex (BRC; Argent et al. 2007) and the darter species association
to further evaluate tributary-mainstem connectivity. The BRC was treated
as a complex since it represents an integral component of the northeastern
United States’ “big river” ichthyofauna (Pflieger 1971) and includes a number
of species recognized as “species of special concern” in Pennsylvania
(Argent et al. 2007).
Results and Discussion
Of the 28 tributaries sampled during this survey, 16 were identified as adventitious
and 12 as ordered. A total of 2406 fish representing four families
and 29 species/hybrids were collected from adventitious tributaries, while
4311 fish representing nine families and 51 species/hybrids came from ordered
branches. A total of 93 BRC individuals were captured from eight of
the 12 ordered streams, while adventitious streams harbored no members
of this complex. Darter captures totaled 1588 and 534 in ordered and adventitious
streams, respectively.
Composite samples of gill-netting and trawling at mainstem confluence
sites revealed 999 individuals representing 10 families and 33 species/hybrids
from adventitious streams. Nearly 50% of the individuals collected from these
streams were of one species, Notropis volucellus Cope (Mimic Shiner). Ordered
tributary confluences yielded 451 individuals representing nine families
and 32 species/hybrids. Sixteen individuals which could only be identified as
Notropis species were not included in our analyses. Ninety-three BRC individuals
were captured from the mainstem. A comprehensive list of the entire
ichthyofauna described in this study is given in Argent et al. (2007).
In general, species richness among Monongahela River tributaries increased
from adventitious through ordered branches, resulting in two distinct
categories. Clustering relationships based on species richness grouped seven
adventitious and nine ordered streams (Fig. 2). The grouping of adventitious
streams possessed species richness values of seven or less. Species richness
among ordered tributaries ranged from 17 in Dunlap Creek to 30 and 37 in
Redstone and Tenmile Creeks, respectively. The high degree of community
612 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, No. 4
similarity (Fig. 2) between Redstone and Tenmile Creeks may be a result
of their geographic proximity (Fig. 1). These tributaries may be considered
reservoirs of diversity for the basin because 60 and 73% of tributary (ordered
and adventitious) species richness is contained in Redstone and Tenmile
Creeks, respectively (Fig. 3).
Figure 2. Similarity dendogram of adventitious and ordered (denoted by *) streams
grouped by the average linkage Euclidean distance clustering procedure.
Figure 3. Proportions of Monongahela River tributary species richness.
2009 D.G. Argent and W.G. Kimmel 613
Deviations from the general clustering pattern among the tributaries
are best explained by breaks in connectivity attributable to anthropogenic
influences. Three ordered streams (Little Redstone, Peters, and Pigeon
creeks) that are impaired by various cultural stressors clustered with one
or more adventitious tributaries (Fig. 2). Little Redstone Creek was most
similar to Sunfish Run, a 1st-order adventitious tributary which yielded ten
species. Historically, Little Redstone Creek was impacted by acid mine
drainage discharges from surface coal mining activity, but the current water
quality is best described as net alkaline. Although impacted by iron precipitates,
Little Redstone Creek harbors 11 species, eight of which were shared
with Sunfish Run.
Peters Creek paired with 2nd-order Meadow and Streets runs, both impacted
by sewage and neither in close proximity to each other nor to Peters
Creek. Our sampling station on Peters Creek was downstream of a consolidated
sewage overflow and discharges from the Clairton Municipal Authority
and US Steel Corporation’s Clairton Works. As a result, Peters Creek receives
both continuous treated and intermittent untreated discharges. Field
measurements at the time of sampling yielded total dissolved solids (TDS)
values in excess of 700 mg/l, nearly double the 400mg/l recommended by
Black (1977) for the maintenance of a diverse fish population.
Fourth-order Pigeon Creek clustered with 2nd-order Maple Creek, which
joins the mainstem 16 km downstream. The Pigeon Creek sampling station
was located approximately 2 km downstream from an industrial facility
that produces insoluable sulfur products and 3 km downstream from an
acid mine drainage treatment facility. These combined discharges yielded
stream TDS values of 1235 mg/l, triple the limit recommended by Black
(1977), and supported lower fish diversity and abundance than expected
for a stream of this size.
Mingo Creek, a 3rd-order adventitious tributary paried with ordered
Pike Run. Both watersheds, while culturally impacted to varying degrees,
maintain significant forested areas that protect their riparian corridors.
Mingo Creek flows through a county park that protects for public use
1050 ha of the watershed, including 5 km or nearly half of the stream corridor.
Nineteen of the 24 species/hybrids collected in Pike Run were also
common to Mingo Creek.
Connectivity among the tributaries and Monongahela River mainstem is
strongest among the ordered tributaries as shown by the mean JCS values
(Fig. 4) and Venn diagram (Fig. 5). Jaccard coefficient values ranged from
0.05 to 0.34 (Tenmile Creek) among ordered streams and from 0 to 0.10
among adventitious streams (Fig. 4). Adventitious tributaries share 82%
of their total faunal complement with ordered tributaries and 29% with
the mainstem, while 70% of the ordered ichthyofauna is common to the
mainstem (Fig. 5). There were six and 12 species exclusive to ordered and
mainstem sites, respectively, while no species were exclusive to adventitious
tributaries (Fig. 5).
614 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, No. 4
Adventitious tributaries appear to have limited linkage to the mainstem
as evidenced by the relatively low JCS values (Fig. 4) among paired tributary
and mainstem sites, and by their faunal associations, which contain few
riverine species (Fig. 5). The disconnect between the adventitious tributaries
and the mainstem can be further illustrated by the BRC, none of which were
collected at adventitious/mainstem confluences (Fig. 5). During low-flow
conditions, these tributaries may be physically separated from the mainstem
and therefore isolated from members of this complex. By contrast, the ordered/
mainstem linkage is frequented by members of the BRC at points of
confluence (Fig. 5). However, since neither the BRC fishes nor other members
of the Monongahela River ichthyofauna have been shown to be obligate
tributary spawners (Cooper 1983), their presence may signify resident populations
or occasional usage for purposes of life-stage separation, feeding, or
possibly occupation of refugia. Also, high flows of the river mainstem often
flood the mouths of large tributaries, presumably facilitating the mixing of
members of their respective faunas at such times.
Darter assemblages of the adventitious and ordered tributaries exhibited
a disconnect with that of the mainstem and to a lesser degree with each other,
presumably due to limited mobility and habitat preference (Kuehne and Barbour
1983). While mainstem and tributary junctions do share some species
(Fig. 5), their proportional abundance (Fig. 6) indicates that the tributary
Figure 4. Mean (+ S.D.) Jaccard coefficient of similarity for adventitious and ordered
streams.
Figure 6 (opposite page bottom). Proportional abundance of darters collected among
adventitious and ordered tributaries and mainstem confluence sites.
2009 D.G. Argent and W.G. Kimmel 615
Figure 5. Venn diagram depicting those species collected among adventitious and ordered
tributaries and mainstem confluence sites (see Appendix 1 for scientific names).
616 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, No. 4
darter assemblages are largely isolated from those of the mainstem. Of the
six riverine darter species (Fig. 5), two—Percina copelandi Jordan (Channel
Darter), an obligate mainstem species, and Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque
(Johnny Darter), a cosmopolitan species—comprised 78% of the total darter
complement (Fig. 6). The darter composition among tributary sites also differed
(Fig. 6). While both adventitious and ordered streams were dominated
by Etheostoma caeruleum Storer (Rainbow Darter) (84% and 64% of total
populations, respectively), adventitious streams supported only three species
of darter, while six were common to ordered branches (Figs. 5 and 6).
The RCC has been expanded to include temporally isolated floodplain
waterbodies of major rivers (Amoros and Bornette 2002) and is challenged
by the existence of adventitious tributaries (Schaefer and Kerfoot 2004) that
do not fit the hierarchical pattern and constitute a break in the continuum.
The ichthyofauna of the adventitious tributary networks has been shown to
be more distinct and isolated from the mainstem as one proceeds upstream
(Schaefer and Kerfoot 2004). The tributary network of the Monongahela
River consists of both adventitious and ordered branches, with the ordered
branches closely connected to the mainstem fish community while the adventitious
streams share few mainstem species. However, usage of ordered
tributaries by mainstem fishes may be temporary and transitory (Schaefer
and Kerfoot 2004).
Biodiversity reservoirs exist in Tenmile and Redstone Creeks, which
together comprise over 80% of the total tributary complement and may
provide refugia and sources of colonizers. Patterns of connectivity along
the Monongahela River and its tributaries are largely fractured by physical
blockages to fish passage and/or point and non-point sources of pollutants,
as evidenced by the 12 tributaries that could not be sampled. In fragmented
riverscapes such as that of the Monongahela River, “islands” of biodiversity
may warrant special protection by regulatory agencies.
Acknowledgments
We thank our research technicians, the US Environmental Protection Agency,
and the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission for their assistance with field collections.
Funding for this project was provided by the US Fish and Wildlife Service
State Wildlife Grant #WM-6-02G-0062, Wildlife Resource Conservation Fund Contract
# WRCP-04019, and the Faculty Professional Development Center at California
University of Pennsylvania. Two anonymous reviewers are also recognized for their
comments which helped to strengthen this paper.
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Appendix 1. Fishes listed in Figure 5 with their associated authority
C ommon Name Scientific Name
Skipjack Herring Alosa chrysochloris (Rafinesque)
Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur)
Longnose Gar Lepisosteus osseus (L.)
Mooneye Hiodon tergisus Lesueur
Central Stoneroller Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque)
Spotfin Shiner Cyprinella spiloptera (Cope)
Common Carp Cyprinus carpio L.
Striped Shiner Luxilus chrysocephalus Rafinesque
Common Shiner Luxilus cornutus (Mitchill)
Silver Chub Macrhybopsis storeriana (Kirtland)
River Chub Nocomis micropogon (Cope)
Golden Shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill)
Emerald Shiner Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque
Rosyface Shiner Notropis rubellus (Agassiz)
Sand Shiner Notropis stramineus (Cope)
Mimic Shiner Notropis volucellus (Cope)
Channel Shiner Notropis wickliffiTrautman
Bluntnose Minnow Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque)
Blacknose Dace Rhinichthys atratulus (Hermann)
Creek Chub Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill)
River Carpsucker Carpiodes carpio (Rafinesque)
Quillback Carpiodes cyprinus (Lesueur)
Highfin Carpsucker Carpiodes velifer (Rafinesque)
White Sucker Catostomus commersonii (Lacepède)
Northern Hogsucker Hypentelium nigricans (Lesueur)
Smallmouth Buffalo Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque)
Black Buffalo Ictiobus niger (Rafinesque)
Silver Redhorse Moxostoma anisurum (Rafinesque)
River Redhorse Moxostoma carinatum (Cope)
Black Redhorse Moxostoma duquesnii (Lesueur)
Golden Redhorse Moxostoma erythrurum (Rafinesque)
Shorthead Redhorse Moxostoma macrolepidotum (Lesueur)
Yellow Bullhead Ameiurus natalis (Lesueur)
Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)
Stonecat Noturus flavus Rafinesque
Flathead Catfish Pylodictis olivaris (Rafinesque)
White Bass Morone chrysops (Rafinesque)
Hybrid Striped Bass Morone hybrid
Rock Bass Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque)
Green Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque
Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (L.)
Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque
Sunfish Hybrid Lepomis hybrid
Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède
Spotted Bass Micropterus punctulatus (Rafinesque)
Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède)
White Crappie Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque
620 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, No. 4
C ommon Name Scientific Name
Black Crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur)
Greenside Darter Etheostoma blennioides Rafinesque
Rainbow Darter Etheostoma caeruleum Storer
Fantail Darter Etheostoma flabellare Rafinesque
Johnny Darter Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque
Variegate Darter Etheostoma variatum Kirtland
Banded Darter Etheostoma zonale (Cope)
Yellow Perch Perca flavescens (Mitchill)
Logperch Percina caprodes (Rafinesque)
Channel Darter Percina copelandi (Jordan)
Sauger Sander canadensis (Griffith & Smith)
Walleye Sander vitreus (Mitchill)
Saugeye Sander hybrid
Freshwater Drum Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque
Mottled Sculpin Cottus bairdii Girard